Brown's Arbor Care

Keeping Your Canopy Strong

Jared Brown

Japanese Beetles in North Carolina

by

The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, has become a significant pest in North Carolina, posing a threat to both ornamental plants and agricultural crops. Originally brought to the United States in 1916, this invasive species has spread throughout the eastern states, proving to be a challenging adversary for homeowners, farmers and gardeners alike. With its voracious appetite and ability to rapidly reproduce, the Japanese beetle has become a major concern for the horticultural industry in North Carolina.

Invasive beetles eating

One of the main characteristics is their metallic green and copper-colored exoskeleton, making it easily recognizable to those familiar with its presence. These beetles feed on over 300 different plant species, including but not limited to maples, elms, birches, and willows. The damage caused by their feeding can result in defoliation, stunted growth, and even plant death if left unchecked. This has led to significant economic losses for farmers and nurseries in the state. Efforts to control the Japanese beetle population in North Carolina have included the use of pesticides, biological control agents, and cultural management practices. While these methods have had varying levels of success, the resilience of the Japanese beetle has made eradication a challenging task. Vigilance and proactive measures are essential for minimizing the impact of this invasive pest on the state’s ecosystems and agricultural industry.

Identification and Life Cycle

Characterized by their striking, iridescent green bodies and coppery-brown wing covers, adult Japanese beetles are a common sight in many gardens and landscapes. Measuring about 1/2 inch in length, these beetles are easily recognizable due to the distinct white hair tufts adorning the sides and rear of their abdomen. This unique feature aids in their identification and sets them apart from other beetle species.

Although the adult Japanese beetles are eye-catching with their shimmering colors, it is their larvae, known as grubs, that often cause the most damage. These white, C-shaped creatures reside in the soil, where they feed on the roots of various plants and grasses. This feeding behavior can lead to significant damage to lawns, gardens, and agricultural crops if left unchecked.

The life cycle of Japanese beetles begins with the grubs overwintering in the soil. As the weather warms up in late spring to early summer, the grubs pupate and transform into adult beetles, which typically emerge in June and July. Once they reach adulthood, these beetles engage in voracious feeding on foliage, flowers, and fruits, causing significant defoliation and damage to plants. The result is often the tell-tale sign of skeletonized leaves, where only the veins of the affected foliage remain.

To make matters worse, adult female Japanese beetles lay eggs in the soil, which hatch into grubs and continue the destructive cycle. This perpetuation of the beetle population can lead to escalating damage year after year if not properly managed. Therefore, it is crucial for gardeners and farmers to be vigilant in their control efforts to prevent widespread infestations and preserve the health of their plants.

Impact on Trees and Fruit Orchards

Japanese beetles have a significant impact on both trees and fruit orchards in North Carolina. Their presence can lead to considerable damage, affecting the health and productivity of various plants.

Trees: Japanese beetles are known to feed on over 300 plant species, including many common trees such as maples, elms, birches, and willows. The beetles skeletonize the leaves, leaving only the veins, which not only affects the aesthetic value of the trees but also their overall health. Repeated defoliation can weaken trees, making them more susceptible to diseases and other pests.

Fruit Orchards: In fruit orchards, Japanese beetles are particularly detrimental to crops like apples, peaches, cherries, and plums. The beetles feed on both the foliage and the fruit, causing direct damage and reducing yields. For example, they can chew irregular holes in fruits, sometimes consuming them almost entirely. This feeding behavior not only affects the marketability of the fruit but also its quality. Additionally, the stress caused by beetle feeding can make fruit trees more vulnerable to other issues, such as fungal infections.

Management of Japanese beetles in these environments requires a multifaceted approach. Cultural practices like choosing less susceptible plant varieties, chemical controls using insecticides, and biological controls involving natural predators are all part of an integrated pest management strategy. For detailed recommendations and up-to-date guidelines, resources from NC State Extension provide valuable insights.

Management Strategies

The management of Japanese beetles in North Carolina necessitates a multifaceted approach, combining cultural practices, chemical controls, and biological methods to mitigate their impact.

Chemical Control: Insecticides containing active ingredients such as carbaryl, imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and acephate are commonly employed to control Japanese beetle populations. However, it is imperative to adhere to label instructions meticulously to minimize harm to beneficial pollinators. Restrictions on use include:

  • Timing: Spraying should be done in the late evening when pollinators are less active.
  • Weather Conditions: Avoid applications during windy conditions or before rain to prevent drift and runoff.
  • Label Adherence: Always follow the specific guidelines on the insecticide label to ensure safe and effective use.
  • Ordinances and Laws: Be aware of and comply with local, state, and federal regulations regarding pesticide application. This includes proper notification of pesticide use, restricted areas, and adherence to buffer zones near water bodies or sensitive habitats.

The Japanese beetle continues to pose a significant and enduring threat to gardeners and farmers in North Carolina. By utilizing a range of strategies including cultural practices, chemical treatments, and biological controls, it is feasible to effectively combat these pests, safeguarding the wide variety of crops and decorative plants that characterize the state’s thriving agricultural sector. For the latest and most comprehensive guidance, the NC State Extension offers valuable resources.

References

When Trees Cross Boundaries

by

The Intricacies of Liability in North Carolina

Picture this: another storm as fierce as Hurricane Fran hitting North Carolina. Back in September ’96, Fran slammed into the state with winds howling at 115 mph and rain coming down in buckets. It tore through the state, leaving a trail of destruction in its wake. Fran’s still talked about as one of the worst hurricanes to hit North Carolina in recent times. It racked up over $2 billion in damages and, tragically, claimed 24 lives. Now, if we got hit by something like that today, you can bet it would cause massive damage. And you know what? It would bring all those tricky questions about who’s responsible and who has to pay for what right back to the forefront for homeowners across North Carolina.

The Role of Insurance

When a tree falls on your property, insurance is the key issue. Whether you have a regular homeowners’ policy or farm insurance, it should cover both the damage to your buildings and the cost of clearing away the fallen tree. This is true even if the tree came from your neighbor’s yard. You don’t need to worry about proving who’s at fault – your insurance is there to handle the costs of repair and cleanup.

In theory, if your insurance company has to shell out a lot of money, they might try to get some of it back from your neighbor or their insurer. They’d basically argue that your neighbor was careless by ignoring a tree they knew was risky. But honestly, it’s hard to say how often this actually happens. These kinds of disputes usually get sorted out behind closed doors, between lawyers and insurance agents.

Navigating the Legal Landscape

North Carolina’s laws don’t really spell out who’s responsible when a tree falls. The state legislature hasn’t made any specific rules about it, so it’s up to the courts to figure things out. Unlike some places, North Carolina doesn’t automatically blame the tree’s owner for any damage it causes. Instead, the courts look at whether the owner took reasonable care of their tree. It’s all about whether they were careless, not just about who owned the tree.

The Burden of Proof

If you’re trying to prove your neighbor was careless about their tree, you’ve got your work cut out for you. You’ll need to show that they knew (or should have known) their tree was dangerous and did nothing about it. Back in the day, courts used to let landowners off the hook pretty easily. They’d say trees were just part of nature, so tough luck if one fell on your property. But things aren’t so simple anymore. These days, courts don’t really care whether a tree grew on its own or if someone planted it. They’re looking at the bigger picture – did the owner take reasonable care of their trees, regardless of how they got there?

The Question of Foreseeability

Under the theory of negligence, a landowner has a duty to eliminate reasonably foreseeable dangers that their trees may pose to adjoining properties. Several factors contribute to the issue of foreseeability:

  • Is the tree dead or visibly dying? A tree that is dead or shows significant signs of decay poses a high risk of falling and causing damage. Regular inspections can help identify such trees before they become hazardous.
  • Does it lean prominently toward the adjacent property? A leaning tree can be a clear indicator of potential instability, especially if it leans towards a neighboring property. This can be a sign of root damage or poor structural integrity.
  • Do its limbs extend far across the property line? Overhanging limbs can fall and cause damage to structures, vehicles, or people on adjacent properties. Proper pruning can help manage the growth of limbs to prevent such risks.
  • Do the limbs overhang areas where cars are parked or structures stand? Limbs extending over driveways, parking areas, or buildings can lead to significant damage if they fall. Regular trimming of these limbs is crucial for safety.
  • Has the tree owner cut through a significant anchoring root? Cutting through major roots can destabilize a tree, increasing the risk of it falling. This often happens during construction or landscaping projects.
  • Improper Pruning: Over-pruning or removing large limbs can destabilize a tree, making it more prone to branch failure or toppling during storms or high winds. Using correct pruning techniques and tools helps maintain tree health.
  • Construction Damage: Construction activities near trees can severely damage their root systems. Protecting roots with fencing and avoiding trenching near trees are essential steps during construction.
  • Root Issues: Damage to roots from construction, soil compaction, or disease can compromise a tree’s stability. Signs include mushrooms at the base, heaving soil, and cracked ground around the trunk.
  • Site Conditions: Trees planted too close to structures, in poorly suited soil, or in areas prone to retaining water can become hazards. Proper site assessment and planting practices can help avoid these issues.
  • Environmental Stressors: Environmental factors such as drought, extreme temperatures, and improper soil conditions can stress trees, making them more susceptible to failure. Measures like deep root watering and mulching can mitigate these stressors.

So, if any of these red flags pop up, a court might say, “Hey, you should’ve seen this coming.” It doesn’t matter if you couldn’t predict exactly how the tree would topple over. Now, we usually think of hurricanes as “Acts of God” – you know, stuff we can’t control. But here’s the thing: if a storm takes down a tree that was already in rough shape, the owner might still be on the hook. The thinking goes, “Come on, you should’ve known that old tree couldn’t handle a big storm.” If the court decides that any reasonable person would’ve spotted these risks, they might say the owner dropped the ball by not dealing with the tree earlier. And that could mean they’re stuck footing the bill for whatever damage it caused.

Legal Precedents: Rowe v. McGee

Let’s talk about a big court case from way back in ’69 – Rowe v. McGee. This was a game-changer in North Carolina when it comes to dealing with problem trees. The court laid it out pretty clear: if you’ve got a tree on your property that’s rotting away or going bad for whatever reason, and you know about it, you can’t just sit on your hands. The judges said you’ve got to step up and take care of business. You can’t just shrug your shoulders and say, “Well, that’s my neighbor’s problem now.” Nope, the responsibility is on you to deal with that ticking time bomb of a tree.

So, here’s what went down: The Rowes – that’s Edward and Josephine – got their house smashed up when an old oak tree from the McGees’ yard came crashing down. Now, the kicker is, the McGees knew this tree was bad news, but they didn’t do anything about it. The court looked at this and said, “Yeah, that’s on you, McGees.” But here’s where it gets interesting – the Rowes weren’t totally off the hook either. Turns out, they’d actually gotten the green light to chop down that tree themselves, but they never got around to it. So the court was like, “Hold up, you guys might share some of the blame here too.” It just goes to show, when it comes to dangerous trees, the whole situation can get pretty messy. The takeaway? If you know there’s a problem, don’t sit on your hands – take care of it before it becomes someone else’s headache.

A Case in Point

Consider a case where neighboring landowners, recognizing the peril posed by a decaying tree on the other side of their property line, secured permission to remove it. However, before they could act, the tree fell, causing significant damage. The trial court held the tree owner liable. On appeal, the court ruled that the neighbors’ failure to remove the tree when they had the opportunity—despite changes in tree ownership—was a matter of contributory negligence, warranting jury consideration. The case was sent back to trial, its final resolution lost to the annals of unreported decisions.

The Practical Implications

In the end, issues of liability should only concern a property owner if they lack insurance, have a lapsed policy, or are otherwise not covered for the damage caused by a falling tree. Practically, a property owner should not be held at fault—denied insurance coverage—for failing to compel a neighbor to remove a potentially dangerous tree. Such a preemptive action would be both costly and legally fraught, undertaken without the certainty of an imminent threat.

In Closing

Let’s face it, the idea of another Hurricane Fran slamming into North Carolina is pretty scary. When you think about all those trees coming down and causing chaos, it really makes you stop and think. It’s crazy how something as simple as a tree falling can stir up such a legal mess.

Nature’s been doing its thing forever – wind howling, rain pouring, trees swaying. But throw in property lines and suddenly it’s not so simple anymore. Who’s responsible when a tree decides to take a nosedive into the neighbor’s yard during a storm?

This whole situation really shows how tricky it can be when Mother Nature collides with our human ideas of property and responsibility. It’s almost like the law is trying to make sense of a forest – there are so many twists and turns, it’s hard to see the wood for the trees!

References

North Carolina State Climate Office, “Was Hazel North Carolina’s Worst-Case Hurricane?” (2021

WCNC, “NC Costliest and Deadliest Hurricanes” (2021)

Wikipedia, “List of North Carolina Hurricanes” (2021)

Rowe v. McGee, 5 N.C. App. 60, 168 S.E.2d 77 (1969)

Mebane, NC’s Tree Canopy: Preserving and Expanding Our Green Infrastructure

by

Rooted in History, Growing for the Future: The Story of Mebane’s Tree Canopy

Nestled within North Carolina’s Piedmont region, Mebane is a small city with a rich history and a growing population. Known for its charm and quality of life, Mebane is committed to sustainable development that balances growth with environmental stewardship. A key component of this balance is the city’s urban tree canopy, which plays a crucial role in enhancing the city’s livability, managing stormwater, and preserving the natural beauty that residents and visitors alike treasure.

Historical Context

Mebane’s landscape has transformed significantly since its early days. Originally, the area was heavily forested, providing raw materials for industries like the White Furniture Company, which thrived on the abundant local timber. As the city grew, especially after the arrival of the railroad in 1855, urban development began to replace these forests with homes, businesses, and infrastructure. This shift from a predominantly natural landscape to an urban one has had profound effects on Mebane’s tree canopy.

The city’s growth, particularly over the last century, has led to a reduction in its urban forest. The establishment of industries and the subsequent demand for housing and commercial spaces resulted in significant land conversion. Today, while Mebane maintains a relatively healthy tree canopy, the pressures of development continue to threaten this vital resource.

Current State of Mebane’s Tree Canopy

As of the most recent analysis, Mebane boasts a tree canopy that covers 38.7% of its area. This is a substantial figure, especially when compared to many other urban areas across the country, but it’s a number that requires careful attention to maintain, particularly as the city continues to grow.

The benefits of this canopy are vast. Trees in Mebane contribute to stormwater management by intercepting rainfall, reducing runoff, and filtering pollutants. This natural process helps protect local waterways from sedimentation and chemical pollution, which are common in urban areas. Furthermore, trees provide essential ecosystem services such as air purification, temperature regulation, and carbon sequestration. They also enhance property values, improve aesthetic appeal, and contribute to the overall quality of life in the city.

Certain areas of Mebane, particularly its downtown and some residential neighborhoods, have less canopy coverage than others. For instance, the central business district has only 24% canopy coverage, despite the potential for 23% more area to be planted. Addressing these disparities is crucial for ensuring that all parts of the city benefit from the advantages that trees provide.

Challenges Facing Mebane’s Urban Forest

Despite the benefits, Mebane’s urban forest faces several challenges. Like many cities in the southern United States, Mebane is experiencing a decline in its tree population. This decline is driven by a combination of factors, including ongoing urban development, storm damage, aging trees, and insufficient replacement planting. Additionally, the impact of severe weather events, such as hurricanes, can lead to significant tree loss in a short period.

The loss of trees has many negative consequences. Reduced canopy coverage can lead to increased stormwater runoff, which in turn exacerbates flooding risks and contributes to the degradation of local water quality. Moreover, the loss of mature trees diminishes the city’s ability to mitigate the urban heat island effect, leading to hotter temperatures, which can negatively impact public health and comfort.

Opportunities for Canopy Expansion

Despite these challenges, there are significant opportunities to expand Mebane’s tree canopy. Recent studies have identified numerous areas within the city that are suitable for additional tree planting. These Possible Planting Areas (PPAs) represent untapped potential for increasing the city’s green infrastructure.

Expanding the canopy in these areas would provide multiple benefits. Increased tree cover would further reduce stormwater runoff, improve air quality, and enhance the city’s visual appeal. Additionally, more trees could help cool the city during the hot summer months, provide habitat for wildlife, and increase property values in both residential and commercial areas.

One of the key findings of recent analyses is that a modest increase in tree planting could result in a significant reduction in stormwater runoff. For example, if Mebane were to plant trees in half of the available PPA, it could reduce runoff by millions of gallons during a major storm event. This not only highlights the environmental benefits but also the potential cost savings in terms of reduced infrastructure stress and flood mitigation.

Strategic Recommendations

To safeguard and expand its urban forest, Mebane should consider several strategic actions:

Policy and Planning:

    • The city should review and update its codes and ordinances to better protect existing trees and encourage new plantings. By adopting policies that prioritize tree conservation, Mebane can ensure that its canopy remains robust even as the city grows.
    • Becoming a Tree City USA would provide Mebane with additional resources and support for managing its urban forest. This designation, awarded by the Arbor Day Foundation, would also demonstrate the city’s commitment to sustainable urban forestry practices.

    Community Involvement and Education:

      • Engaging the community in tree planting and care is essential for maintaining the city’s canopy. Educational programs that highlight the importance of trees can foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among residents.
      • Initiatives like neighborhood tree-planting days or partnerships with local schools and businesses can help increase canopy coverage while building community ties.

      Long-term Urban Forest Management:

        • Developing a comprehensive Urban Forest Management Plan would provide a roadmap for the sustainable management of Mebane’s trees. This plan should include provisions for regular monitoring, maintenance, and replacement of trees as they age or are lost to storms.
        • Mebane should also consider conducting a land cover assessment every four years to track changes in canopy coverage and identify areas where intervention may be needed.

        In Closing

        Mebane’s tree canopy is a vital asset that contributes to the city’s charm, environmental health, and overall quality of life. Preserving and expanding this canopy is not just an environmental priority but a community one as well. By implementing thoughtful policies, engaging the community, and planning for the future, Mebane can ensure that its urban forest continues to thrive, providing benefits for generations to come.

        As the city grows, so too should its commitment to green infrastructure. In doing so, Mebane will not only protect its natural heritage but also enhance the well-being of its residents and the sustainability of its urban environment.

        Mebane’s Tree Canopy: “The Urban Forest of Mebane, NC,” Green Infrastructure Center. Provides details on the city’s tree canopy and its benefits. Link

        Why Trees Matter: “Resilience Benefits of Trees,” NC Resilience Exchange. Explains how trees reduce heat and improve air quality. Link

        Managing Urban Trees: “Urban and Community Forestry Program,” NC Forest Service. Offers tips on caring for urban forests. Link

        Tree Advocacy: “North Carolina Urban Forest Council,” NCUFC. Encourages community involvement in tree planting. Link

        Fortifying Your Trees

        by

        Hurricane Preparedness

        As the 2024 hurricane season looms, anticipation turns to anxiety for many living in the path of potential storms. According to NOAA’s 2024 Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook, we are bracing for a particularly active season. The forecast predicts 17-25 named storms, 8-13 hurricanes, and 4-7 major hurricanes, peaking between August and October. With such formidable projections, ensuring the safety of our homes and communities takes on heightened urgency. Often overlooked, yet crucial, is the role of tree care in hurricane preparedness. A proactive approach to arboriculture can mitigate damage, preserve property, and protect lives.

        The Forecast

        NOAA’s 2024 outlook underscores the need for vigilance. The likelihood of an above-normal season is 85%, far exceeding the 1991-2020 averages. This forecast, a product of meticulous climate modeling and historical analysis, emphasizes the importance of preemptive measures. Trees, with their sprawling branches and towering heights, can become both protectors and hazards in the face of a hurricane. Understanding how to fortify them against severe weather is essential.

        Why Tree Care Matters

        Trees provide beauty, shade, and ecological benefits. However, during a hurricane, they can transform into dangerous projectiles or even collapse entirely. Proper tree maintenance not only preserves their health but also reduces the risk they pose during storms. As we prepare for an active hurricane season, the significance of preventive tree care cannot be overstated.

        Regular Inspections: The First Line of Defense

        Identify Weaknesses: Diseased, decaying, or structurally unsound branches are vulnerabilities that can compromise tree health and safety. Inspect trees regularly to spot hidden threats like infections, decaying branches, or poor attachment. Addressing these issues promptly can prevent accidents, property damage, and injuries. Stay proactive to ensure tree longevity and a safe environment.

        Professional Assessment: Hiring an arborist is crucial for evaluating tree health and stability. They assess overall health, structure, and root system, identifying issues and recommending solutions. Arborists detect disease, pests, and weaknesses, ensuring healthy roots and soil anchorage. Their evaluations prevent hazards and extend tree life, offering advice on care, pruning, watering, and fertilization. Investing in an arborist ensures informed decisions and long-term tree health and hurricane preparedness.

        Strategic Pruning: Balancing Health and Safety

        Remove Dead or Weak Branches: Pruning dead or weak branches is essential for tree health and safety. These branches are likely to break off in storms, posing risks to people and property. Regular pruning prevents accidents, pest infestations, and diseases, while improving tree appearance. It’s a simple way to maintain tree longevity, health, and stability during hurricane season.

        Thin the Canopy: Thinning a tree’s canopy is crucial for its health and storm resilience. Removing branches to create space improves air circulation, reduces uprooting risks, and prevents diseases. Avoid excessive pruning to prevent stress and consult an arborist for guidance. Focus on removing dead or damaged branches first to enhance structural integrity. Proper thinning promotes healthy growth and wind resistance. Balance air circulation and natural form for long-term health and hurricane preparedness.

        Ensuring Proper Tree Health: A Robust Foundation

        Fertilization: A healthy tree is a resilient tree. Appropriate fertilization supports overall vigor, making trees more capable of withstanding storm conditions. Consult with an arborist to determine the best fertilization plan for your trees based on species, age, and soil conditions.

        Watering: Consistent watering, particularly during dry periods, maintains flexibility and strength, crucial attributes during high winds. Deep, infrequent watering encourages deep root growth, enhancing stability. Avoid overwatering, which can weaken roots and increase the risk of uprooting during a hurricane.

        Removing Hazardous Trees: Making the Tough Call

        Professional Removal: Some trees, due to disease or structural issues, pose too great a risk to retain. Professional removal of such trees, especially those near homes or power lines, is a prudent step in hurricane preparation. Qualified arborists have the expertise and equipment to safely remove hazardous trees, minimizing the risk of damage during a storm.

        Long-Term Strategies for Resilience

        Planting Wind-Resistant Species: When selecting new trees for your property, opt for species known for their durability in storms. Live oaks, for example, have a proven track record of weathering hurricanes with minimal damage. Consult with local nurseries or arborists to choose species well-suited to your climate and soil conditions.

        Proper Planting Techniques: Trees planted with ample space for root growth develop deeper, more stable roots, essential for withstanding high winds. Follow proper planting techniques, including appropriate hole size, soil amendments, and staking, to encourage strong root development. A well-established root system is key to a tree’s hurricane resilience.

        Continuous Monitoring: Vigilance and Adaptation

        Regular Check-Ups: Post-storm inspections and continuous monitoring are crucial. Trees can develop new issues after surviving a storm, and ongoing care ensures their long-term health and safety. Schedule regular check-ups with an arborist to identify and address any concerns promptly. Monitoring allows for timely interventions to maintain tree health and hurricane readiness.

        Post-Storm Tree Care: Recovery and Restoration

        Assessing Damage Safely: After a storm, assess your trees for damage. Look for hanging branches, splits, or leaning trunks. However, avoid handling significant damage yourself. Professional arborists are equipped to manage complex or hazardous situations safely. Contact a qualified arborist for a thorough post-storm assessment and recommendations for recovery.

        Emergency Pruning: Promptly remove hanging branches or other immediate threats to prevent further damage or injury. Proper pruning techniques are essential to avoid additional stress on the tree. An arborist can guide you through the emergency pruning process, ensuring the tree’s long-term health and stability.

        Supporting Tree Recovery: Trees stressed by storms need additional support. Watering, mulching, and appropriate fertilization can aid in their recovery, restoring their health and resilience. Follow the advice of a qualified arborist to create a post-storm care plan tailored to your trees’ specific needs. With proper care, most trees can recover and continue to provide benefits for years to come.

        As the 2024 hurricane season approaches, the importance of preventive tree care becomes increasingly clear. By inspecting, pruning, and maintaining our trees, we can significantly reduce the risks posed by severe weather. A proactive approach to arboriculture not only protects our homes and communities but also preserves the natural beauty and ecological benefits trees provide. In a season where every preparation counts, ensuring the health and stability of our trees is a vital step in safeguarding our future.

        References

        1. NOAA 2024 Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook
        2. Ready.gov Hurricane Preparedness
        3. American Red Cross Hurricane Safety

        Firewood for Your Home in Chapel Hill, NC

        by

        Brown’s Arbor Care is your provider of high-quality firewood in Chapel Hill, NC. We source our wood exclusively from hardwood trees that have been removed for development or safety purposes, ensuring that you receive the best firewood while supporting responsible forest management. All of our wood is carefully seasoned for a full year before being made available for purchase, guaranteeing that you receive dry, easy-to-light firewood that will provide a warm and inviting flame.


        We offer a third of a cord of firewood for just $200, which is approximately 16 inches in length and fits comfortably in the bed of a Ford Ranger. If you need a larger quantity, we also provide delivery services via dump truck. For an additional fee of up to $100, we can even stack your firewood for you. To place an order, simply fill out our online contact form or give us a call at (336) 525-1209. Invest in the comfort and ambiance of your home with premium firewood from Brown’s Arbor Care.

          Your Name (required)

          Your Phone number

          Your Email (required)

          Address

          Overview of your firewood needs amount (required)

          Detailed description: will you need the firewood delivered and stacked?

          The Silent Killer Lurking at Every Street Corner: How Your Dog’s Pee is Slowly Destroying Our Trees

          by

          Take a stroll down any city street and you’ll see the stalwart soldiers standing guard – the urban trees that line our sidewalks and parks, quietly working to make our concrete jungles a little more livable. They give us shade on scorching summer days, help clean the air we breathe, and just make everything a bit prettier.

          But our loyal arboreal friends are facing a hidden enemy, a toxic cocktail being sprayed at their trunks day after day, weakening them from the inside out. And the culprit might shock you – it’s none other than your beloved pooch’s pee.

          That’s right, Fido’s daily constitutional is wreaking havoc on our trees. You see, dog urine is full of all sorts of nasty stuff – nitrogen, salts, acids – especially lactic acid. When your furry pal takes a whiz on a tree (yeah, we’ve all seen it happen), it’s basically like dumping a bucket of herbicide on the poor thing.

          The pee soaks into the bark, leaving chemical burns in its wake and giving bugs and diseases a VIP pass to invade. It messes with the soil too, throwing off the delicate pH balance and making it harder for the tree to suck up the nutrients it needs. It’s a one-two punch that can really do a number on a tree’s health.

          Now, some trees can take the hit better than others. Older, tougher trees with thick bark are like the grizzled old boxers of the tree world – they can roll with the punches. But the young, thin-skinned whippersnappers? They’ve got a rougher go of it. And in places like North Carolina, it’s dogwoods and oaks that really bear the brunt. They don’t hold up well when their soil gets all acid-washed.

          Over time, all those hits add up. Trees that have been on the business end of too many pooch potty breaks tend to keel over a lot sooner than they should. They get sick more often, attract more pests, and generally just look pretty sad. It’s a lose-lose situation – the trees suffer and we end up shelling out more cash to take care of them or replace them when they kick the bucket.

          Don’t just take my word for it – the science backs this up. Researchers have tracked the body count and found a clear link between dog pee and tree mortality rates. One study even fingered lactic acid as the main offender, showing how it can straight-up kill grass by going scorched earth on plant cells. It’s nasty stuff.

          So what’s a tree-loving dog owner to do? Well, it’s going to take a group effort to tackle this problem. For starters, spreading the word is key – a lot of folks just don’t realize the harm that doggie drain-pipe can cause. So tell your friends, family, neighbors – heck, tell strangers on the street. The more people know, the better.

          But awareness alone won’t cut it – we need to take action too. Cities and towns can help by setting up designated doggy bathrooms in parks and other green spaces, complete with sand or gravel, and putting them well away from trees. Slapping some physical barriers around tree trunks, like guards or screens, can provide an extra line of defense. And of course, training pups to “go” in specific spots ( ideally not on trees) is a must.

          At the end of the day, this is a problem we can’t just pee on and walk away from. Our urban trees are counting on us. With a little know-how and some elbow grease, we can make sure these leafy friends stick around to make our cities a little greener, a little fresher, a little better – for all of us. So let’s roll up our sleeves and get to work – we’ve got some trees to save!

          References

          The Harmful Practice of Tree Topping: Understanding Its Consequences

          by


          In the world of arboriculture, few practices are as controversial and universally condemned as tree topping. A majestic tree, standing tall with its branches reaching towards the sky, creating a canopy that offers shade, beauty, and ecological benefits, is a sight to behold. However, when subjected to the practice of topping, these trees lose their natural form and vigor, resulting in long-term harm and instability. Despite its prevalence, tree topping is widely regarded by arborists and environmental experts as a detrimental practice that should be avoided at all costs.

          What is Tree Topping?


          Tree topping, also known as heading, tipping, or hat-racking, involves the indiscriminate cutting of tree branches to stubs or lateral branches that are not large enough to assume the terminal role. This practice is often carried out with the intention of reducing the size of a tree, but it fails to consider the tree’s biology and natural growth patterns. As a result, topping has numerous negative consequences that can severely impact the health, safety, and aesthetics of the tree.

          Stress and Weakness


          One of the most significant consequences of tree topping is the stress it induces on the tree. Topping removes a substantial portion of a tree’s foliage, which is essential for photosynthesis – the process by which trees produce their food. Without enough leaves to sustain itself, the tree undergoes severe stress. In response to this stress, the tree activates latent buds, resulting in the rapid growth of numerous weak shoots below each cut. These shoots, known as water sprouts, are poorly attached to the tree and are highly prone to breaking, making the tree more susceptible to damage from wind and storms.

          Moreover, the sudden removal of a large portion of the tree’s canopy disrupts the delicate balance between the roots and the leaves. The roots, which are responsible for absorbing water and nutrients from the soil, are now overburdened with the task of supporting the remaining foliage. This imbalance can lead to root dieback, further weakening the tree’s structure and making it more vulnerable to uprooting.

          Increased Vulnerability to Diseases and Pests


          Another major concern associated with tree topping is the increased vulnerability to diseases and pests. The large, open wounds left by topping cuts expose the tree’s internal tissues to decay and pathogens. Unlike natural pruning cuts, which the tree can compartmentalize and seal off to prevent the spread of infection, the wounds from topping are often too large for the tree to effectively defend itself. This leaves the tree vulnerable to a wide range of fungal diseases and insect infestations, which can further weaken its structure and overall health.

          Furthermore, the stress induced by topping weakens the tree’s natural defenses, making it more susceptible to pests and diseases it would otherwise be able to resist. Stressed trees release chemical signals that attract insects, such as bark beetles, which can cause significant damage and even lead to the death of the tree.

          Altered and Unsafe Structure


          Tree topping also drastically alters the natural structure of the tree, creating an unsafe and unstable form. The rapid growth of weak, vertical branches that emerge after topping lacks the strong attachment and proper spacing found in a naturally developed canopy. These branches are more likely to break off under the weight of snow, ice, or even their own foliage. The resulting structural weakness poses significant safety hazards to people and property below the tree.

          In addition to the immediate safety risks, topped trees are more likely to develop defects such as decay, cracks, and cankers over time. These defects further compromise the tree’s structural integrity and increase the risk of failure. As a result, topped trees often require more frequent and costly maintenance, such as pruning and cabling, to mitigate the safety risks they pose.

          Aesthetic and Environmental Impact


          The aesthetic impact of tree topping is undeniable. Topped trees lose their natural form and beauty, resulting in an unsightly appearance that detracts from the overall landscape. The stark, stubby branches and the proliferation of water sprouts create a disfigured silhouette that bears little resemblance to the tree’s natural shape. This visual blight can negatively impact property values and the overall appearance of neighborhoods and public spaces.

          Beyond aesthetics, tree topping also has significant environmental consequences. The loss of a large portion of the tree’s canopy reduces its ability to provide valuable ecological services. Trees play a crucial role in air purification, carbon sequestration, stormwater management, and temperature regulation. The diminished canopy of a topped tree means less shade, reduced air filtration, and decreased habitat for wildlife. The cumulative effect of widespread tree topping can have far-reaching impacts on the health and well-being of entire ecosystems.

          Financial Costs


          While tree topping may be presented as a quick and inexpensive solution to managing large trees, it often results in higher costs in the long run. The rapid, weak growth that follows topping requires frequent follow-up pruning to manage the numerous water sprouts and maintain the tree’s safety. The increased risk of branch failure and the potential for property damage or personal injury can lead to significant liability issues and costly repairs.

          Moreover, the stress and structural damage caused by topping can greatly shorten the lifespan of a tree. As the tree declines and becomes more prone to failure, it may need to be removed and replaced prematurely. The cost of removal and replacement, along with the loss of the tree’s ecological and aesthetic benefits, can far outweigh any perceived short-term savings associated with topping.

          Alternatives to Topping


          Fortunately, there are more effective and sustainable methods to manage tree size and health without resorting to topping. These alternatives prioritize the tree’s natural form and structure while addressing any legitimate concerns about size or safety.

          Crown Reduction: This technique involves selectively pruning branches back to lateral branches that are at least one-third the diameter of the cut branch. By carefully choosing which branches to remove, arborists can reduce the height and spread of the tree while maintaining its natural shape and structural integrity. Crown reduction allows for gradual size management over time, minimizing stress and promoting healthy growth.

          Crown Thinning: Crown thinning is the selective removal of branches throughout the canopy to reduce the density of the tree’s foliage. By removing no more than 25% of the living branches, arborists can improve light penetration and air circulation within the tree, reducing the risk of disease and improving its overall health. Crown thinning also helps to reduce the wind resistance of the tree, making it more stable and less prone to failure during storms.

          Proper Planting: One of the best ways to prevent the need for drastic size reduction measures is to choose the right tree species and planting location from the outset. By selecting trees that are appropriate for the available space and considering their mature size and growth habits, property owners can avoid conflicts with buildings, utilities, and other infrastructure. Proper tree selection and placement can eliminate the perceived need for topping and ensure that trees can grow to their full potential without posing safety or property risks.

          Pollarding

          Pollarding is another alternative to topping, but it must be distinguished from the harmful practice. While it also involves cutting back branches, pollarding is a planned and regular practice that begins when the tree is young.

          Method: The tree’s branches are cut back to the same point, typically every few years, to encourage regrowth in a controlled manner. This method maintains a uniform shape and structure over time.

          Purpose: Historically, pollarding has been used to manage tree size in urban environments and to produce a sustainable source of wood for fuel, fodder, or other uses.

          Outcomes: When done correctly, pollarding promotes healthy regrowth, maintains the tree’s structural integrity, and can significantly extend the tree’s lifespan. It also avoids the stress and structural issues associated with topping.

          Mosquito Habitat


          Topping trees can also create perfect habitats for mosquitoes. The large cuts made during topping can lead to the formation of holes and cavities in the tree, which can collect rainwater. These water-filled cavities become ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, increasing the risk of mosquito-borne diseases and adding another layer of negative impact to the practice of tree topping.

          Tree topping is a harmful and unnecessary practice that has no place in responsible tree care. By understanding the detrimental effects of topping on tree health, safety, and aesthetics, we can work to educate property owners and promote alternative pruning methods that prioritize the long-term well-being of trees. The benefits that trees provide—from improving air quality and conserving energy to enhancing mental health and increasing property values—are too valuable to be compromised by short-sighted and destructive practices like topping.

          As stewards of the environment, it is our responsibility to advocate for the proper care and management of trees in our communities. By spreading awareness about the harmful consequences of topping and encouraging the adoption of sustainable pruning techniques, we can ensure that our trees continue to thrive and provide their invaluable services for generations to come. Remember, when it comes to the health and longevity of your trees, always consult with an arborist who adheres to industry best practices and prioritizes the tree’s well-being above all else.

          The Art of Smothering Grass: A Cardboard Approach to Sustainable Landscaping Around Trees

          by

          The Cardboard Manifesto: Rethinking Urban Landscaping

          In an era where sustainability has become more than just a buzzword, urban gardeners and landscapers are turning to unconventional methods to maintain the green spaces that breathe life into our cities. One such method, gaining traction for its simplicity and effectiveness, is using cardboard to smother grass around trees. This technique, while seemingly mundane, is revolutionizing the way we approach urban landscaping, offering a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution to a long-standing problem.

          The principle behind this method is straightforward: by covering the grass around a tree with cardboard, you cut off its access to sunlight, effectively killing it over time. This not only reduces competition for water and nutrients, allowing the tree to thrive, but also contributes to the overall health of the soil. As the cardboard decomposes, it adds organic matter to the soil, improving its structure and fertility.

          The Problem with Traditional Landscaping Methods

          For years, urban landscapers have grappled with the challenge of maintaining the delicate balance between aesthetics and sustainability. Traditional methods often involve the heavy use of chemicals, such as herbicides, to control grass and weed growth around trees. While effective in the short term, these chemicals can leach into the soil and groundwater, causing long-term environmental damage. Moreover, they pose significant health risks to the people and animals that frequent these urban green spaces.

          The cardboard method, in contrast, offers a natural, chemical-free alternative. It’s a solution that works with nature rather than against it, harnessing the power of decomposition to nourish the soil and support healthy tree growth. In a world increasingly conscious of its environmental impact, this approach resonates with urban dwellers seeking to minimize their ecological footprint.

          The Economic Benefits of Cardboard Landscaping

          Yet, the benefits of this method extend beyond environmental considerations. For cities and municipalities faced with tight budgets, using cardboard to manage landscaping offers a cost-effective solution. Cardboard is readily available, often at no cost, from local businesses and recycling centers. This accessibility makes it an attractive option for cash-strapped urban parks departments and community garden initiatives.

          Implementing the Cardboard Smothering Technique

          Implementing the cardboard smothering technique is a straightforward process. First, the area around the tree is cleared of debris, and the grass is trimmed as short as possible. Next, sheets of cardboard are laid around the base of the tree, overlapping to prevent any sunlight from penetrating. The cardboard is then thoroughly wet to help it conform to the soil surface and weighted down with mulch or rocks to keep it in place.

          Over time, the cardboard will break down, enriching the soil with organic matter. This process not only suppresses grass growth but also improves the soil’s water retention capacity, a crucial factor in urban environments where trees often struggle with drought stress due to limited root space and the urban heat island effect.

          Challenges and Considerations

          Of course, like any landscaping technique, using cardboard around trees comes with its challenges.

          Aesthetics is a primary concern, as cardboard can be unsightly, especially in high-visibility areas. However, this issue can be mitigated by covering the cardboard with an attractive mulch, such as wood chips or shredded bark, creating a more polished appearance that integrates seamlessly with the surrounding landscape.

          Another consideration is the potential for cardboard to attract pests, such as termites or rodents, which may view it as a food source or nesting material. While this risk is relatively low, especially if the cardboard is covered with mulch and kept dry, it’s a factor that urban landscapers must keep in mind.

          Despite these challenges, the potential of cardboard as a sustainable landscaping tool is immense. By embracing this method, urban gardeners and landscapers can not only improve the health and vitality of the trees that grace our cities but also contribute to a broader shift towards more eco-friendly practices.

          A Metaphor for Innovative Thinking

          In a world increasingly shaped by climate change and environmental degradation, every action that promotes sustainability matters. Using cardboard to smother grass around trees may seem like a small gesture, but it’s part of a larger movement towards a greener, more resilient future.

          As more cities and individuals adopt this technique, it’s sparking a conversation about the role of urban landscaping in building sustainable communities. It’s prompting us to rethink our relationship with nature and consider how even the humblest of materials, like cardboard, can be transformed into tools for positive change.

          In many ways, the cardboard smothering method is a metaphor for the kind of innovative thinking we need to tackle the environmental challenges of our time. It’s a testament to human ingenuity and our capacity to find solutions in unlikely places.

          As we look to the future, it’s clear that the path to sustainability will be paved with ideas like this – simple, effective, and grounded in a deep respect for the natural world. By embracing these solutions, we not only create more vibrant, resilient urban landscapes but also cultivate a sense of environmental stewardship that extends far beyond the boundaries of our cities.

          The Seeds of a Greener Future

          In the end, the cardboard revolution in urban landscaping is about more than just managing grass growth. It’s about reconnecting with nature, even in the heart of our concrete jungles. It’s about recognizing that sustainability isn’t a destination but a journey, one that requires us to constantly reexamine our practices and seek out new, innovative ways to live in harmony with our planet.

          As we lay down those sheets of cardboard around the trees in our parks and gardens, we’re not just nurturing healthier plants. We’re planting the seeds of a greener future, one in which the health of our environment is not an afterthought but a central pillar of our urban planning and design.

          It’s a future where sustainability is not a chore but an opportunity, a chance to reimagine our cities as living, breathing ecosystems that support both human well-being and ecological diversity.

          And it all starts with a simple piece of cardboard.

          FAQs

          How often should I replace the cardboard around my trees?

          Typically, the cardboard should be replaced once it has significantly decomposed and is no longer effective at blocking light. This usually takes a few months depending on the weather conditions and the quality of the cardboard used.

          Can I use cardboard smothering for young saplings or only mature trees?

          Cardboard smothering can be used for both young saplings and mature trees. It is especially beneficial for saplings as it reduces competition from grass and weeds, allowing the young trees to establish themselves more effectively.

          What types of cardboard are safe to use around trees?

          The best type of cardboard to use is plain, untreated, and uncoated cardboard. Avoid using cardboard with glossy prints, heavy dyes, or metallic inks as these can contain harmful chemicals that might leach into the soil.

          How long does it typically take for the cardboard to decompose?

          Cardboard typically takes three to six months to decompose completely, depending on environmental conditions such as moisture and temperature.

          Is there any risk of attracting pests with cardboard mulching?

          While cardboard mulching can occasionally attract pests such as slugs or rodents, these risks can be managed by monitoring the area regularly and using appropriate pest control methods if necessary.

          Can I plant other vegetation around the tree after the cardboard has decomposed?

          Yes, after the cardboard has decomposed and enriched the soil, it is an excellent time to plant other vegetation. The enriched soil will help new plants to thrive.

          Pruning and Care: Techniques for Robust Trees in North Carolina

          by

          Ensuring the health and vitality of trees in North Carolina’s diverse landscape requires a nuanced understanding of the local environment. The state’s varied climate, from the humid coastal plains to the cooler mountain regions, impacts tree species differently, influencing their growth, susceptibility to pests, and disease. Resources like North Carolina State University’s Cooperative Extension offer region-specific advice, detailing care for popular local species such as the Southern Live Oak and the American Dogwood. These guidelines (NC State Extension) help homeowners make informed decisions about tree planting and care, optimizing the health of their trees in alignment with local environmental conditions.

          Seasonal tree care is pivotal in addressing the distinct needs of trees throughout the year. Spring invites proactive measures like mulching to retain soil moisture and protect roots, while summer demands consistent watering to combat heat stress. The Arbor Day Foundation provides a seasonal care guide (Arbor Day Foundation) that emphasizes the importance of fall fertilization to support winter survival and highlights winter as an optimal time for pruning, given the dormancy of most trees. This cyclical approach ensures trees are not only prepared to withstand the changing seasons but also primed for vibrant growth.

          Regular inspections play a critical role in preventive tree health care, enabling early detection of abnormalities such as fungal infections or bark damage. The International Society of Arboriculture offers a comprehensive checklist for tree inspection (ISA), advising on the examination of leaves for discoloration, checking for loose bark indicative of disease, and monitoring soil moisture levels to prevent root rot. This proactive surveillance allows for timely interventions, preventing minor issues from escalating into major problems.

          Proper pruning techniques are essential for maintaining tree health and structural integrity. Incorrect pruning can lead to vulnerabilities, inviting pests and diseases. NC State Extension’s pruning resources (NC State Extension Pruning) detail methods for making clean cuts that heal quickly, recommending the removal of only dead or weak branches unless there’s a risk of property damage. This guidance ensures trees remain healthy and aesthetically pleasing while reducing the likelihood of future issues.

          Soil health underpins the overall vitality of trees, with balanced nutrition being crucial for their growth and resilience. The Soils Matter blog by the Soil Science Society of America emphasizes the role of organic matter in enhancing soil structure (Soils Matter), advocating for the use of compost and natural fertilizers to supply essential nutrients. This approach supports robust root systems, enabling trees to better withstand environmental stressors.

          The introduction of non-native pests and diseases has heightened the importance of preventive measures. The USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service provides updates on emerging threats (USDA APHIS) and recommends strategies such as quarantine and the use of biocontrols to mitigate risk. By selecting disease-resistant varieties and implementing integrated pest management practices, homeowners can significantly reduce the likelihood of infestation and disease, ensuring their trees remain healthy and vigorous.

          Professional arborists play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating complex tree health issues. Their expertise is invaluable in situations where specialized care or treatment is needed. The Trees Are Good website connects individuals with certified professionals (Trees Are Good), who can provide advanced diagnostics, soil treatments, and targeted pruning techniques. Engaging a certified arborist is an investment in the long-term health of trees, ensuring they continue to thrive and contribute to the landscape.

          Adopting these proactive measures in tree care fosters a healthier environment, contributing to the well-being of the community and the preservation of North Carolina’s natural beauty. It underscores the importance of stewardship and respect for nature, promoting a sustainable approach to landscaping that benefits both current and future generations.

          Mauget Dinocide: A Glimmer of Hope in the Shadow of the Emerald Ash Borer

          by

          In the neighborhoods and forests of North Carolina, a silent assassin has been wreaking havoc, leaving a trail of devastation in its wake. The emerald ash borer (EAB), a deceptively beautiful yet incredibly destructive beetle, has set its sights on our ash trees, threatening to forever alter the landscape we hold dear. As homeowners watch helplessly as their beloved trees succumb to this relentless invader, a glimmer of hope emerges in the form of Mauget Dinocide Injectable Insecticide.

          A mighty ash tree, once a symbol of strength and resilience, now stands weakened, its leaves prematurely falling like tears from its branches. The culprit? Tiny, iridescent green beetles, no larger than a penny, that have made their home within the tree’s bark. These emerald ash borers, far from the jewels their name suggests, are the stuff of nightmares for tree lovers across the state.

          But all is not lost. Mauget Dinocide, a systemic insecticide with the power to turn the tide, has stepped onto the battlefield. This innovative treatment, administered directly into the tree’s vascular system, is like a secret weapon in the fight against EAB. The active ingredient, dinotefuran, courses through the tree’s veins, seeking out the invaders and delivering a lethal dose to the larvae that feast upon the tree’s lifeblood.

          What sets Mauget Dinocide apart from other treatments is its targeted approach. Rather than blanketing the environment with insecticides, this injectable solution goes straight to the source, minimizing collateral damage and preserving the delicate balance of the ecosystem. It’s like a precision strike, taking out the enemy while leaving innocent bystanders unscathed.

          The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plays a pivotal role in this battle, overseeing the use of pesticides like Mauget Dinocide through stringent registration processes. This ensures that treatments not only target the invasive species effectively but also comply with safety standards designed to protect the environment and human health. The EPA’s approval of Mauget Dinocide underscores its efficacy and safety when used as directed, providing a regulatory foundation for the use of this innovative treatment in the fight to save our ash trees. For professionals in tree care and homeowners alike, this regulatory endorsement is a beacon of hope, signaling a way forward in the daunting task of preserving our treasured landscapes from the clutches of this destructive beetle. The full details of the EPA’s evaluation and approval of Dinocide can be found in their comprehensive pesticide product label system, offering an in-depth look at the regulatory backdrop to this vital tool in our arboricultural arsenal.

          But timing is everything in this battle. The window of opportunity to administer Mauget Dinocide is fleeting, typically falling between April and June when the adult beetles emerge from their slumber and begin their relentless assault. Like a general marshaling their troops, homeowners must act swiftly and decisively to protect their arboreal charges.

          Yet, as with any powerful weapon, Mauget Dinocide must be wielded with skill and care. This is not a task for the faint of heart or the untrained hand. Homeowners must enlist the aid of qualified arborists, the special forces of the tree care world, to ensure that the treatment is administered safely and effectively. These seasoned professionals, armed with the knowledge and tools to diagnose and treat EAB infestations, are the unsung heroes in this battle.

          But Mauget Dinocide is not a standalone solution. It is but one piece of a larger puzzle, a part of an integrated pest management strategy that combines the best of science, nature, and human ingenuity. From the release of parasitic wasps, nature’s own secret agents, to the selective removal of heavily infested trees, every action plays a role in the fight against EAB.

          As we stand at the precipice of this battle, it is easy to feel overwhelmed by the scale of the challenge before us. But we must not lose hope. With tools like Mauget Dinocide in our arsenal and the unwavering dedication of homeowners and tree care professionals alike, we can make a stand against the emerald ash borer. We can protect the trees that have stood sentinel over our homes and communities for generations, and ensure that their legacy endures for years to come.

          So let us rally around our ash trees, armed with the knowledge and tools to defend them. Let us be the voice for these silent giants, the guardians of their future. Together, we can turn the tide against the emerald ash borer and preserve the beauty and majesty of North Carolina’s landscapes for generations to come.